Lantern Slides: The Cryder Bankes Collection.
Images from gallery: Lantern Slides: The Cryder Bankes Collection.

Boarding the Train, Kansk, Siberia
https://research.library.kutztown.edu/lanternslidesbankes/75
There is an early 1900's train that has windows alongside the cabin. Approximately 13 passengers are boarding the train at two separate entrances, either to or from Kansk, Siberia, a majority with large white fabric luggage or large suitcases. Each passenger is dressed in their share of coat and hat crossing a railroad track to board the train.

Milk Cart, Antwerp, Belgium
https://research.library.kutztown.edu/lanternslidesbankes/59
Antwerp is one of the key sea ports of Belgium and at the time the fifth greatest sea port in the world. The picture shows two peasant girls with their dog pulling a cart full of milk. It was common in the time for peasant women and their dogs to pull carts carrying vegetables, milk products, poultry, and more many miles to be sold.

Chattanooga and Tennessee River Valley From Lookout Mountain Tenn.
https://research.library.kutztown.edu/lanternslidesbankes/43
Lookout Mountain is a site of historical significance in American history, beyond the amazing view of the Chattanooga river that the woman is photographed enjoying.
During the 18th century, the mountain was the location of the "Last Battle of the Cherokees" during the Nickajack Expedition between the Chickamauga Cherokee and American Frontiersman. The frontiersmen increasingly encroached on Cherokee Territory which led to the war, where the treaty of Tellico resulted in the Frontiersmen ceding land.
During the Civil War, the Battle of Lookout Mountain took place there (where artillery is still found). At this point, the Union was starting to make a turn-around after The Battle of Gettysburg. The Union army defeated the Confederates and took control of the mountain, gaining a significant advantage logistically and opening up access to the deep south.

Firing Tableware in the Noted Pottery Center, Trenton. N.J.
In the early 20th century, Trenton NJ used to be the center of Pottery manufacturing in America. The picture and accompanying note discuss Trenton's centrality, boasting a whole 48 pottery establishments in the city.
Trenton Manufacturers invented the mass production of white graniteware, which led to the United States, and more specifically Trenton, being able to outcompete England and Chinese pottery. Unfortunately, the great depression led to a great plummet of the industry and mass closures.

Salt Lake City, Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah, and the Utah State Capitol pictured in the distance, circa 1920.

The Wawona Tree, Mariposa Grove, Yosemite Valley, Calif.
The Wawona Tree is a giant sequoia in Yosemite National Park in California, United States, most famous for the hole in the center. The tree’s hole formed in 1881 as two men enlarged an existing burn scar to increase tourism as part of the See America First campaign in 1915. People would often photograph themselves and their cars in the tunnel. The tree fell in February 1969, rebranded as the Fallen Tunnel Tree.

Employees Leaving the Ford Factory, Detroit, Mich.
This image shows a large group of men leaving the Highland Park Ford Factory in Detroit, Michigan. The Highland Park factory opened in 1910 and was the birthplace of Ford’s moving assembly line, which led to the first mass-produced car: the Model T. Due to its speedy assembly, Ford reduced the car’s price from $700 to $350 by 1917, becoming the first widely affordable automobile. Ford at the time also paid workers nearly three times the wages of other similar factories.

Majestic Iguazu Falls, Argentina
Argentina and Brazil are owners of the largest Waterfall system in the world, the Iguazu Falls. The term Iguazu translates to "big water" in the Native Guarani/Tupi tongue. Both Brazil and Argentina use the system's gorgeous view to promote tourism and fund large-scale environmental conservation efforts to maintain the waterfall system and its ecology.

School Children Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
The children in this photo come from affluent Brazillian families, who choose to send their children to an American Private school in Brazil.
Amon Carter Museum documents that the Keystone View Company, the publisher of these lantern slides, includes some information with the slide encouraging educators to show that non-American students learn the same material, play the same games, and look similar to them.
Marina Alves Amorim discusses a phenomenon in "Brazilian and Foreign Education" that he refers to as "internationalization. This is when either Brazilians will study abroad or seek out local "international" schools to be more competitive and/or compensate for a lack of educational opportunities/infrastructure due to the historical Portuguese empire.

Sackville Street, Dublin, Ireland
Sackville Street is a street that connects the O'Connell Bridge and Parnell Street in Dublin, Ireland. While it was originally called Drogheda Street after the first Earl of Drogheda, it was later renamed Sackville Street after Lionel Sackville, the first Duke of Dorset. It features several monuments, such as the Spire of Dublin and statues of James Larkin and Daniel O’Connell. The street was later renamed to O’Connell Street in 1924.

The Royal Palace, Greece
Two men standing in front of the Royal Palace in royal uniforms in Greece circa 1905.

Escuintla and the Twin Volcanoes, Guatemala
The Lantern Slide shows Escuintla and the Twin Volcanoes in Guatemala circa 1910.

Morehouse's Comet.
The Morehouse Comet was first photographed on September 1st, 1908 (although not discovered until the following day). The Morehouse Comet was discovered by graduate student Daniel Morehouse at Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wisconsin.
The comet was observed all over the world over a 249-day period, last seen in Santiago, Chile on May 10th, 1909. The comet was reported as whimsical in its behavior, that one could not predict its ever-changing shape. The comet’s tail grew and shrunk in both shape and brightness. The copyright by Yerkes Observatory is now in the Public Domain.

Harvesting Peanuts, Marianna, Arkansas. Lee County.
This lantern slide is an image of a group of people displaying a peanut harvest in Marianna, Lee County, Arkansas. In the early 1900’s, peanuts became a major agricultural crop in 13 Southeastern states, including Arkansas. During the late 1860's, Dr. George Washington Carver discovered that crop rotation would regenerate soil nitrogen levels, producing robust crop yields. Farmers in the South slowly began following up the cotton crop with alternate crops such as peanuts. By the early 1900's, peanuts had replaced cotton as a money crop in the South, when the boll weevil destroyed the cotton crops.

Spindle Top—An Important Oil Region Near Beaumont, Texas.
This lantern slide is an image of the Spindle Top oil field, located in Beaumont, Jefferson County, Texas. On January 10, 1901, Captain Anthony F. Lucas, John H. Galey, and the Hamill brothers drilled into “..the largest gusher ever seen.” Named the “Lucas Gusher”, it ‘..blew oil over 150 feet in the air at a rate of 100,000 barrels per day…” for 9 days before it could be controlled, using a ‘Christmas Tree’, an assemblage of valves, casing spools, and fittings, designed by the Hamills. By 1902, Spindle Top had produced 17,420,949 barrels of oil. The bounty of petroleum made “..mass consumption.. economically feasible.” The Texas Oil Boom prompted economic growth and oil prospecting, transforming the United States into the leading oil producer in the world. On November 13, 1966, Spindle Top was designated as a National Historic Landmark in Texas.

The Capitol, Washington, D. C.
This lantern slide is an image of a Southeast view of the House of Representatives wing, the center colonnaded portico and the side of the dome of the U.S. Capitol.
The cornerstone of the Capitol building was laid on this Southeast corner, on September 18, 1793, by President George Washington, during a Masonic ceremony. It was the first large public event that took place in the federal city, the thirteenth year of American Independence and the first year of Washington’s second term. The President stepped into the foundation trench, laid a commemorative engraved silver plate on the ground and then lowered the cornerstone, using a winch, on top of the plate. By 1807, construction on the south wing was sufficiently advanced that the House was able to move into its new legislative chamber.
In 1850, a plan for the “..eastward extension and the addition of large north and south wings.”, began. As the building was expanded, the existing dome appeared disproportionate in its size. In 1856, a new dome was constructed with 8,909,200 pounds of iron “..was lifted into place by steam powered derricks.”. The “..House of Representatives [were] able to meet in [their] new chamber on December 16, 1857.” On December 02, 1863, Thomas Crawford’s bronze “Statue of Freedom”, weighing 14,985 pounds, was installed at the top of the new dome. “Between 1884 and 1891, marble terraces were added to the north, west and the south sides, adding over 100 rooms and visual ‘girth’ to the Capitol.

White House, Pennsylvania Ave. and the Capitol, Washington, D. C.
This lantern slide image is a side view of Southern facade, semi-circular palladian portico and the back side of the West wing of the White House, a portion of Pennsylvania Avenue NW and, in the distance, the West front of the U.S. Capitol, in Washington D.C. Beyond the White House, to the East, the U.S. Treasury Building can be seen, with its columned facade and portico. The White House gardens are visible. A fence separates the gardens from The President’s Park, a circular lawn, with walkways, park benches and monuments.The Romanesque Rival clock tower of the Old Post Office Building can be seen, midway between the White House and the Capitol, on the right side of Pennsylvania Avenue.

Joint Session of House and Senate, Washington, D. C.
This lantern slide is an image of a joint session the Congress, the Senate and the House of Representatives, inside of the United States Capitol Building. The House Chamber” or "Hall of the House of Representatives," “..is a large assembly room located in the center of the U.S. Capitol's South wing.” And is used for Joint Congressional Sessions. Designed by architect Thomas U. Walter, there are no windows in the room to insulate the Congressional members from outside noise and distraction. The House of Representatives used the room for the first time on December 16,1857. Joint sessions began to meet there after a remodel, in 1949-1950. “Members of the House of Representatives sit in unassigned armchairs, arranged in a semicircle, on tiered platforms…” facing the rostrum of the Speaker of the House. Behind the rostrum is a frontispiece with Ionic columns made of..marble.” An American flag is displayed at the center, “..flanked by two bronze fasces.” The upper tier of the chamber is the visitor and press gallery.

A Japanese Shoe Shop
Two children sit at a packed Japanese shoe shop surrounded by walls, tables, and hanging bundles of shoes. There is an adult in the background behind the shoes. One older child is sat on a bench faced away from the camera and crowd facing the wall of shoes while a younger toddler is sat on the table shoes are facing the direction of the camera and the crowd.

Elephants on Parade, Jaipur, India.
A Parade of Elephants and marching people alongside, behind, and forward takes place in Jalpur, India. The Elephants are adorned with artistic metal wear and or other fabrics as to decorate them, the people alongside carry staffs and or flags of unknown design.

The Taj Mahal, Agra, India
An upclose photo of the Taj Mahal positioned at the end of it's water way where people are sat on the edge of the walk dangling their legs over the side of the water way. Past the water way sits a bench that holds a single person in white.

The Reichstag-Gebaude, Berlin, Germany
The Reichstag building located in Berlin, Germany was originally made to house the German parliament in the newly unified empire. The building was designed by architect Paul Wallot in the Neo-Renaissance style and was constructed from 1884-1894. The building plays a significant role in the evolution of German politics. In 1933, the building was set on fire, which led to the Reichstag Fire Decree and helped the Nazi party gain power. During WW2, the building was damaged and did not go through reconstruction until 1990 when Germany was reunified. Today, the Reichstag houses the lower federal chamber of parliament, the Bundestag.

Blowing the Alpine Horn, Grindelwald, Switzerland
The alpine horn, also called an alphorn, is a traditional Swiss wooden instrument. The horn is made from one piece of wood, typically wood from a red pine tree. The horn usually measures 12 feet long, and is narrow with a larger, flared opening at the end. The instrument was used by mountain shepherds to communicate with one another and to call their cattle in from the fields

The Grand Opera, Paris, France
The Grand Opera, or the Palais Garnier as it is referred to today, is an iconic opera house located in Paris, France. The building was commissioned by Napoleon III and designed by architect Charles Garnier who incorporated a mixture of Baroque, Classical, and Renaissance styles. Construction began in 1862 and was completed and opened to the public in 1875. The opera house is known for its opulence and showcases the brilliance of French art and culture.

Laplanders Milking Reindeer, Norway
Lapland is a region that spans northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. It is home to an indigenous group of people called the Sámi, also called Laplanders. Reindeer herding plays a central role in the Sámi way of life. In this Arctic region, reindeer is a primary source of sustenance that provides food, milk, clothing, and other materials needed to make tools and crafts.

Royal Elephant Hunt, Siam
Hunting elephants in Siam or modern-day Thailand was not about killing the animals, but rather taming them. To capture a single elephant, hunters used decoys. Hunters could capture a whole herd at once (depicted here) by surrounding the territory in which a group of wild elephants resided. The hunters slowly shrunk the circle over weeks or months, drawing the elephants to an enclosure. When the hunters finally forced them into the enclosure, the elephants were aggressive, but they eventually tired and became hungry and thirsty. Once the elephant was tamed, they could be put to work.
Elephants are intelligent creatures and can comprehend what humans want them to do. Asian Elephants, which are indigenous to Thailand, are estimated to live into their mid-50s, although the original material for this lantern slide claims they could live to one hundred years or older. White elephants are considered sacred because people believe they represent purity and have descended from heaven.

To the Clouds by Rail, Mt. Pilatus, Switzerland
The Mt. Pilatus Railway in Switzerland is the steepest rack railway in the world. First usable in 1889, it climbs the Esel, one of the easternmost of Mt. Pilatus' 10 peaks. The railroad starts at Alpnachstad on Lake Lucerne, which those who take the train get a gorgeous view of from the top of the mountain. At the time this railway was built, conventional systems could not handle the steep climb up the Esel, so Swiss engineer Eduard Locher proposed an alternate way to design the railroad using a cog wheel with teeth on the sides to catch the wheels to raise or lower the train and prevent it from being toppled from severe crosswinds. Since the government didn't subsidize the railway, Locher created his own company to be able to build it, and it has remained in operation for over 100 years. In this image, you can see the train on the side of the Esel about to go into one of its four tunnels.

A Street in Jaipur, India
Jaipur was built in 1727 by Sawai Jai Singh II, the Kachhwaha Rajput ruler of Amer, and is named after him. He laid out the city such that the main streets are straight and all 111 feet wide and divided by cross streets into 6 sectors--something that was unusual for the time of construction. The streets are also all paved, curbed, and have sidewalks along them, allowing for people, camels, and push-carts to all navigate the roads easily. While it's not possible to tell in this picture, all of the buildings are built of stucco and painted pink earning it the nickname of the Pink City.

Road Making, Nanking, China
Road making at this point in China's history was done almost entirely by people, as opposed to animals or machines, owing to the fact that many places in China were overpopulated. Here is pictured several workmen pulling a heavy street roller, while others guide them in the path that the road will take. Nanking, also known as Nanjing, where this picture is taken, has a lot of biodiversity with resources that lend themselves to people living there. It is also one of the biggest ports in China.

Cattle Used as Pack Animals and for Riding, Island of Luzon, P.I.
This image shows two people from the Philippines on their way to a market riding on cattle that are native to the island of Luzon. The cattle help to carry baskets with produce, as their riders use hats and parasols to keep away the hot sun. Luzon is the largest and most populated island in the Philippines, and home to a large active volcano also shown in this image. The volcano called Mayon is located in southern Luzon and is 8,070 ft tall.

Harbor of Colombo, Ceylon
Colombo is the capital of Ceylon, or what is now Sri Lanka. Famous for its tea plantations, production of rubber, and precious stones, Colombo also has a valuable port and is the largest city of Sri Lanka. Colombo's port has been an important resting and trading site for east Asian travelers and merchants for over 2000 years. Steamers and catamarans alike take refuge in its waters.

Birthplace of Shakespeare, Stratford-on-Avon, England
Stratford-on-Avon is called such because it is on the Avon river. Shakespeare was born in this house in 1564. He studied Greek, Latin, and mathematics at Stratford Grammar School. When he became old enough he went to England where we learned about theatre, becoming an actor and writing plays, many of which are still studied today.

Grinding Gems at Ratnapura, Ceylon
Ceylon, or modern-day Sri Lanka, is located in the Indian Ocean. It was a British colony from 1815 to 1948. Sri Lanka is known for its production of tea, rice, quinine, cocoa, cinnamon, tobacco, nuts, and rubber. Precious stones are also important to Sri Lanka's economy. They used to have well-known pearl fisheries, and they are one of the top five gem producing companies in the world today . Moonstones, rubies, sapphires, and cat's-eyes have all been quarried in Sri Lanka, among with many other types of gems. This slide shows a traditional way to grind the gems.

Queen's Road, The Busy Street Of Hongkong, China
Hong Kong is an extremely important city and port in history. While occupied by Britian, it exported tea, silk, sugar, opium, cotton, ivory, salt, and sandalwood. At this time in history, treaty ports were one of few places where foreigners were welcomed in China.

In the Acadian Valley
This image shows a woman in traditional clothing looking out onto a valley in Nova Scotia. She is dressed in a white bonnet, which means that it was Sunday, and she was attending church that day. The Acadians first settled in Canada in 1605 having come from France. Many Acadians were forced out of Canada between 1755 and 1763. Most Acadians who were forced out of Canada settled in Louisiana and became known as Cajun.

Wreck of the Battleship Maine
At the start of 1898, USS Maine was sent to Havana, Cuba. It was sunk on February 15th, 1898. The ship started to sink after some of its guns exploded sometime during the night. There were 374 people on board. 268 of them were killed. Their deaths caused a media frenzy, and it contributed to the start of the Spanish American War. There were multiple attempts to recover all of the bodies from the wreck. To this day it’s estimated that there are still about 30 sets of remains within the wreck. While most of the battleship is now on the bottom of the sea, the mast was recovered in 1911, and it was placed in Arlington National Cemetery on May 30th, 1915.

Harvesting Bananas
The banana trade came to Costa Rica in the late 1800s, due to a new railroad being built in the area. American businessman Minor C. Keith is reported to have experimented with planting them along the route of the railroad he was helping to build. It was very common in this era to use donkeys as a way to carry and transport bananas.

Earthquake Fissure
The Soufrière Volcano is an active volcano located in The Caribbean Sea. It is on the island of Guadeloupe and is the highest point on the Island, measuring 4,813 ft above sea level. It has erupted many times since it started being monitored in 1718. This picture shows a man examining one of the fissures. A Volcanic Fissure is a crack from which lava will erupt from.

Cowboys, Bronco Corral and Camps, Montana.
The image shows a man smoking a pipe while on a white horse, behind them is a corral of horses and two other men with lassos in the air, and a cart with large white sacks to the side of them. This was taken at Yellowstone National Park, Gallatin County, Montana, the first national park as established in 1872.

Inca Lake in the Ames of Chile.
“Laguna del Inca” is a lake within the Andes Mountains often called “the jewel of the Andes” for its bright, shifting blue and green colors. According to Incan mythology, a man was to be wed to a beautiful princess in the mountains, but she fell and died on the day of the wedding. So the man buried her in the lake, which suddenly took on its blue-green color, the same as the woman’s eyes. The lake is said to be enchanted with the spirit of the princess.

The Cofa Bridge on the Oroya Railway, Peru.
A part of the Peruvian Central Railway, the Oroya Railway, first opened in 1878 situated in the Andes Mountains of Peru. The railway was built by American engineer Henry Meiggs in order to connect a major port to towns, cities, and mines throughout the Central Mountain Range of the Andes. The train mainly carries minerals and other goods but at times will carry passengers for tours.

Overlooking the Blue Ridge Mountains from Mt. Toxaway, N.C.
The Blue Ridge mountain range is a section of the Appalachian Mountains in the Eastern United States, spanning 550 miles across multiple states, including North Carolina. The peaks within the mountain range include Mount Mitchell, which is the highest mountain in the Eastern United States, and Mount Toxaway, which serves as the photographer’s viewing point and the future site of a wildfire lookout tower (installed in 1935). The mountain range is known for having a bluish haze created by nearby trees releasing isoprene into the air.

Combined Reaper and Thresher, Washington.
The combined reaper and thresher, also known as a combine harvester, is drawn by twenty horses over a wheat field in order to harvest the crops and isolate the grain seeds inside, a task that previously required two separate pieces of equipment. The machine’s movement cuts down the wheat with the reaper’s sickles then moves it to the thresher’s cylinder to beat the seeds out of the grain. Typically, wheat bundles require time to dry out before hulls of grain can be removed, but the dry climate during harvest season in the state of Washington causes the wheat to immediately ready for threshing, even before it is cut down.

Burning Charcoal, North Carolina
Due to the Appalachian Mountains causing rough terrain in North Carolina, profitable farming is difficult, so the state’s main income source is timber from the hillside woods. The wood is stacked into a cluster, along with leaves, grass, and straw, also known as a “charcoal oven”. A layer of clay, featuring ventilation holes, is also added to the charcoal oven to regulate how much air reaches the timber as it burns. The resulting solid charcoal is mainly used as fuel, but it is also incorporated into other products such as pig food, gunpowder, and crayons.

Harvesting Wheat in England.
While the majority of the British Isles have transitioned to the period’s innovations in harvest machinery, the wheat harvests in the hillsides continue to use older tools, such as horse-drawn mowers and plows. Many of these harvesting tools are imported to England from America and are easily found in local hardware shops. However, most farmland is owned by larger estates and many farmers can only rent the fields at best. As a result, many fields appear “run down” and crop farming has grown more rare in England.

Harvesting and Loading Silage Corn, Wisconsin.
Lantern slide of a group of men harvesting and loading silage corn. Silage is a type of fodder used to feed cattle, sheep, and other livestock. Silage is created by fermenting crops, such as corn, till they are acidified. Silage is favored due to the nutritional value for animals and cost effectiveness. In Wisconsin, circa 1905.

Hereford Cattle Feeding Pens, Manhattan, Kansas.
Lantern slide of a group of cattle feeding. Hereford cattle are a breed primarily used for meat. The cattle are likely feeding on silage, due to the convenience and cost effectiveness. Kansas has a long history of agriculture and livestock. In Manhattan, Kansas, circa 1905.

First Haul of the Season—Salmon Industry, Columbia River, Ore.
Lantern slide of fishermen showing off the salmon they’ve caught. In this photo, they have used nets to fish. These nets would have been spread across the river in order to catch a large amount of salmon, which would then be pulled in by a team of horses (pictured in the background). At its height, the Columbia River was one of the top salmon producing rivers in the world. In Oregon, circa 1905.

Juice from Maguey Plant Used in Making Pulque, Tacuba, Mexico.
Lantern slide of a man harvesting sap from a maguey plant, also known as an agave plant. When fermented, the sap can be used to make pulque, an alcoholic drink. In Tacuba, Mexico, circa 1905.

Notre Dame, Paris, France
Construction of the Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris (Our Lady of Paris Cathedral) began in 1163, and was finished by 1260, though modifications were made in later centuries. It replaced the much older Cathedral of Saint Étienne from around the 5th century. Today it is a symbol of not just Paris, but all of France. Its cultural significance led to its classification as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is one of the best examples of French Gothic architecture with its pioneering use of ribbed vaults and flying buttresses.

Old North Church, Boston, Massachusetts
The Old North Church in Boston was built in 1723 as part of the Protestant Episcopal Church. It was made famous because of its role in the American Revolution on the night of April 18, 1775. That night, two lit lanterns were hung in the steeple, which alerted Paul Revere and others that the British were crossing the Charles River by boat. The church is a stop on the 2.5 mile-long Freedom Trail, which visits sixteen locations important to American history.

The Cathedral, Milan, Italy
The Duomo di Milano (Milan Cathedral) was continuously worked on throughout the centuries. Construction began in 1386 and was finished in 1965. The architecture is a mix of Italian Gothic and Renaissance styles. Many famous artists, like Leonardo da Vinci and Donato Bramante, worked on the cathedral. It has also hosted prominent men; Pope Martin V consecrated the high altar in 1418, and Napoleon Bonaparte was crowned as King of Italy there in 1805.

Westminster Abbey, London, England
Construction of the present-day building began in 1245 under King Henry III when he demolished the original monastery built by Edward the Confessor and decided to rebuild in the new Gothic style. The latest additions were finished around 1745. Starting with William the Conqueror in 1066, every monarch has been crowned at the abbey, except for Edward V and Edward VIII because their reigns ended before their coronations. Since Henry VIII, Westminster Abbey has been a Royal Peculiar, meaning it is under the direct control of the monarch instead of a bishop and diocese. The abbey's cultural importance led to its designation in 1987 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

San Gabriel mission, Southern California
The lantern slide titled San Gabriel mission, Southern California pictures a Roman Catholic Mission from the Spanish colonial era. This building was founded by the Spanish empire as the fourth of twenty-one missions.

Shipping Lumber, Washington
This picture was taken at Port Blakely, near Seattle, on Puget Sound - in the forefront you see men hard at work cutting logs into lumber. In the background, boats are seen. Men would then transport the lumber onto the boats using little push cars. These boats come from all over the world to get lumber from the Puget Sound. Africa, Japan (and other countries of eastern Asia), Australia, and South America are just some of the places this mill provides lumber to.

General View of Burgos, Spain
This picture shows a view of the city of Burgos. Burgos is a very old city, Spanish tales say it was founded in 884. It was the capital of the ancient city Castile for a long time. In 1087, however, the capital was moved to Toledo. These days Castile is said to comprise Castile and Castile-La Mancha with Madrid at its center. Burgos is located on a treeless, windswept plateau. In this picture you see houses from what appears to be a top down angle. They are plain white houses situated close together. You can also see spires rising above the houses. These spires belong to the Burgos Cathedral, located in the historical center of the city.

The Great Nile Bridge, Egypt
Cairo is the capital of Egypt, it is one of the largest cities in Africa with a population of about 10 million people. In the forefront of this picture is a bronze lion statue. The lion statues mark the entrance to the Qasr El Nile Bridge - which crosses the Nile River. You can see people crossing the bridge on foot. There are also carts crossing the bridge as well as animals such as horses, mules, and camels. They are crossing the bridge to bring their wares to the market.

Peddlers of Pots, Seoul, Chosen
Seoul is the capital of South Korea. In this picture, a general view of the city is shown. Little low houses are along a dirt pathway. Snow can be seen covering the straw roofs of the houses. People are seen walking along the dirt path. In the forefront of the image you can see people carrying what appears to be large pots. The people seem to be wearing a traditional Korean garment called a Hanbok.

Bird's-eye View of Alexandria, Egypt
The Egyptian city of Alexandria was once a hub for Hellenic learning and science, with the great Library of Alexandria being world renowned even into modern times. The city was established as the capital of Egypt when it was founded in 332 BCE by Alexander the Great, remaining the capital until 642 CE when it was seized by Arab forces. Alexandria is one of Egypt’s largest cities and acts as a prominent Mediterranean Sea and Nile River port. The slide shows the sprawling city of Alexandria in the 1905.

Tower of London, London, England.
The Tower of London in London, England, was used as a prison that housed people who displeased the King or Queen from 1100 to 1952. The Tower not only was a prison, but a residence and community for royalty. Now, the Tower attracts many tourists to view and indulge in its rich history. The palace guards (Yeomen Warders), a unit of soldiers, and the Resident Governor still live within its walls.

A Load of Logs at the Kettle River Landing, Minnesota
Minnesota was known for its abundance in lumber and pines, attracting settlers because of its logging industry potential over farmland use. The slide shows lumberjacks standing near a wagon loaded with logs near Minnesota’s Kettle River Landing.

Historic Carlstein Castle, near Prague, Bohemia
Carlstein Castle, also spelled Karlštejn Castle, was built in 1348 as a private residence and treasury safe house for the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia Charles IV. Among the treasures that were safeguarded at Carlstein Castle included the Imperial Crown Jewels, holy relics, and the royal archives. The castle has always been the property of the king or the state even after it was no longer used as a residence or treasury vault. The slide shows Carlstein Castle perched on a mountaintop over a small Bohemian village.

Market Place and Cathedral. Nuremburg, Germany.
Market Place and Cathedral on market day in Nuremburg, Germany. The Cathedral, known as “Church of Our Lady” or “Frauenkirche” (its German phrase), was built between 1352 and 1362 on top of the rubble of the synagogue of Nuremberg. King Charles IV ordered the synagogue’s destruction to build the Cathedral and support the development of the Market Place. According to the Keystone View Company, on the left is the Neptune fountain and to the right are many booths with goods from the surrounding countryside.

Mer de Glace (Sea of Ice). from the Montanvert, Chamonix, France.
Mer de Glace (“a sea of ice”) in Chamonix, France. The glacier is located right above the Valley of the Chamonix. When the Europeans discovered this location in 1741, they had no idea that there were people living within the valley. There are many mountain climbers that attempted to climb up the mountain, only to pass away.

Thrown! Cowboy and Horse Holding a Lassoed Cow
During the early 1900s, cowboys worked to maintain ranches and drive cattle across long distances in the American West. They used lassos to catch and control the livestock by throwing the looped rope around the animals to assist them in their work. Lassoing cattle allowed cowboys and ranchers to brand and treat their animals by keeping them in place. In this image, it is difficult to tell exactly what the cowboy is doing, it looks like he is either holding the cow in place for branding or for providing it medical care.

Neapolitan Team
This image depicts an ox pulling a cart tied to a horse in the streets of Naples. Neapolitan carts are described as wooden carts with two wheels, used to transport a variety of different goods, and often included in Neapolitan nativity scenes. Strong animals such as the ox in this image make the perfect choice for pulling these carts.

Shoeing a Buffalo
Using nails, blacksmiths can apply metal shoes to animals such as buffalo, as seen in this image. Hooves wear down a lot depending on the terrain and work the animal is put through. Whether walking in rough terrain or streets, the shoes are beneficial, they create a layer of protection for the animal's hooves and benefit its overall health.

In the Surf
At first, Atlantic City was a resort that developed in the 1850s when a railway from Camden was built. Atlantic City became a major vacation resort from the late 1800s to early 1900s. During this time, the city grew popular for its boardwalk, amusement piers, floor shows, and beauty pageants. Many visitors also came to enjoy the beach, as seen in this image.

Angel Terrace, Yellowstone National Park, Wyo.
Built of limey deposits, this section of hot springs in the Yellowstone National Park cascades heated water down terraces of travertine. Angel Terrace has dramatic periods of hot spring activity, causing large volumes of water to flow from the park's larger thermal basin, Mammoth Hot Springs. The deposits are ever-changing and form from where hot water saturates. The trees growing from the water are now dead, killed from the buildup.

Commotion in the Devil's Ink Pot, Yellowstone National Park, Wyo.
Named after the unfathomable heat Yellowstone Park experiences, the Devil's Ink Pot is a boiling spring. It is known for its continuously bubbling water that occasionally bursts, erupting with dark mud.

Cultivating a Field of Beets, Near Greeley, Colo.
One of the most historically important agricultural activities in Colorado. The sugar beet industry proved that the deserts of Colorado were ecologically diverse and perfect for seasonal agriculture. In the 1860's, this land was removed from indigenous tribes such as the Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Kiowa to colonize and begin production.

White-Faced Hereford Cattle, England.
The white faces of Hereford cattle contrast their burgundy bodies, and have become iconic. Originating in Hereford County, the breed has been raised and preferred for beef production since 1750.

Kangaroos in the Zoological Garden, Adelaide, Australia.
Many animals exist within the bounds of Adelaide Hills and its conservation parks, but kangaroos are particularly popular. Eastern Grey Kangaroos and Red Kangaroos are the most common in this southern part of Australia. They vary in size; while Grey Kangaroos are on the smaller side, their Red counterpart can grow up to 5 feet. These marsupials prefer to eat plants, but can put up a fight with their short, yet strong, hind legs.

Beet Pulp and Juice, Sugar Factory, Ontario, Can.
This Beet Pulp and Juice Sugar factory was located in Ontario Canada around the year 1905. Sugar factories were regularly used to produce sugar from beets as an alternative to sugarcane. They were created in the early 18th century and were popular in North America, most parts of Europe, and Russia. This factory most likely produced raw sugar which would then need to be refined.

Mosque of St. Sophia, Constantinople.
Hagia Sophia is the name of this mosque which is located in Istanbul, Turkey which at the time the photo was taken was Constantinople. Originally the mosque was a cathedral but was later turned into a mosque by the Ottoman Empire. Today the site is still a mosque although had previously and briefly it had been turned into a museum.

Pretty Hula Girls, Honolulu, Hawaii
Hula is a traditional cultural practice in Hawaii. Hula is a ceremony that connects both the dancers and the audience to Hawaiian history, prophecy, genealogy, and culture. Pictured are four women performing Hula.
The two women sitting are playing traditional Hula instruments. On the left, a woman is playing the ipu. The ipu is made of two gourds, hollowed, & secured with breadfruit gum. Two sounds are produced: the first, a base tone, by stamping the bottom of the instrument against the ground. The second, a higher pitched sound, produced by slapping the larger gourd with an open palm and/or individual fingers.
On the right, another woman plays the ukulele. Ukulele is a Hawaiian word coined in the late 1800s. The most accepted interpretation of this name is “jumping flea,” describing the left-hand finger movements of an early virtuoso of the instrument.
All four women are dressed in traditional hula costume with their hair down. They are adorned in leis, encircling their heads and necks. These are often made of plants or other materials (shells, feathers, fibers etc.) that represent deities honored in dance.

Ute Indian and Family, Colorado
The Ute people are the oldest residents of Colorado, their language is Shoshonean, a dialect of the Uto-Aztecan language. The Mouache and Caputa bands comprise the Southern Ute Tribe and are located in Ignacio, Colorado. The Weenuchiu, now known as the Ute Mountain Utes, are located in Towaoc, Colorado.
Ute people used cradleboards throughout history, and many still do today. Ute cradleboards are distinctive for their basketry, tanned hides, and beadwork. The buckskin on a boy’s cradleboard is typically white, while a girl’s is yellow. These cradleboards allow for easy transport of the Ute children, while also allowing them to see the world around them.
Notably, the cradleboard illustrated here has a sunshade. Typically made from twined willow, these sunshades set Ute cradleboards apart from those made by other tribes.

Gold Miners and Dog Team North of Arctic Circle, Alaska
The Alaskan Gold Rush piqued from 1832-1913. The gold rush in the region that is now the Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve was largely dependent on the events and circumstances surrounding the Klondike Gold Rush in 1897 and the Nome Gold Rush in 1899.
Miners quickly realized what Native Alaskans had known for centuries; traversing the Alaskan terrain was nearly impossible without sled dogs. Good sled dogs at the time were worth $100-$200 ($3500-$7000 today). The Gold Rush prompted the U.S. Postal Service to employ dog sled delivery, which continued even after the Gold Rush was over.

Lakes of Killarney, Ireland
A man sits reading a book while he looks out across the lake. There is a mountain in the background of the photo.

Avenue des Champs Elysées, Paris, France
This picture is taken from the top of the Arc de Triomphe. Being one of the world's most famous avenues, it reaches from the Arc de Triomphe to the Place de la Concorde. It is known for its prestigious theatres, cafes, and shops, but mostly notably is used to finish the race of the Tour de France and the annual military parade on Bastille Day. Avenue des Champs Elysees translates to "The Elysian Fields," which is a cemetery for heroes in Greek Mythology.

The Cathedral, Marseilles, France
Construction of the Cathédrale Sainte-Marie-Majeure de Marseille (Marseilles Cathedral) began in 1852 when Emperor Napoleon III laid the foundation stone. It was completed in 1896, and consecrated in 1897. It was built on the site of the previous cathedral, which dates back to the 12th century. Architects Léon Vaudoyer and Henri-Jacques Espérandieu designed it in the Romanesque-Byzantine Revival style.